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Scientology has been referenced in popular culture in many different forms of media including fiction, film, music, television and theatre. In the 1960s, author William S. Burroughs wrote about Scientology in both fictional short stories and non-fictional essays. The topic was dealt with more directly in his book, ''Ali's Smile/Naked Scientology''. The 2000 film ''Battlefield Earth'' was an adaptation of a novel by L. Ron Hubbard. Musicians and playwrights have made reference to Scientology on some of their work, with some pieces treating the topic in a negative light by their references, and others in a positive manner. Frank Zappa's 1979 concept album/rock opera ''Joe's Garage'' lampoons Scientology in the song "A Token of My Extreme". Scientologist Chick Corea has made reference to Scientology in his work, and two of his albums were influenced by L. Ron Hubbard novels. Maynard James Keenan of the rock band Tool, has been critical of Scientology, and the 1996 song "Ænema" contains a negative reference to L. Ron Hubbard. Both Scientology and the life of its founder L. Ron Hubbard were addressed in the 2003 Off-Broadway musical, ''A Very Merry Unauthorized Children's Scientology Pageant''. The play took a tongue-in-cheek look at both Hubbard's life and the history of the Church, and received an Obie Award in 2004. Scientology has also been dealt with in fictional television shows, including sitcoms, cartoons, and dramas. The 2005 ''South Park'' episode "Trapped in the Closet" dealt with Scientology, and related the story of Xenu. This episode resulted in a deal of controversy, including the departure of Isaac Hayes, and questions over why the episode was not initially rebroadcast. In season four of the television program ''Nip/Tuck'', characters Kimber and Matt join the Church of Scientology. Issues addressed within ''Nip/Tuck'' have included both the Xenu story and a look at deprogramming. In ''Boston Legal's'' third season, character Alan Shore helps defend an employer sued for discrimination after firing a Scientologist. The episode delves into some of the employee's more eccentric beliefs as well as a debate on religious bigotry, but Shore ends up winning the case for his client. In the radio sitcom ''Old Harry's Game'', Satan claims he invented Scientology. ==Fiction== William S. Burroughs, who briefly dabbled with Scientology, wrote extensively about it during the late 1960s, weaving some of its jargon into his fictional works, as well as authoring non-fiction essays about it. In the end, however, he abandoned Scientology and publicly eschewed it in an editorial for the Los Angeles Free Press in 1970. Burroughs' work ''Ali's Smile/Naked Scientology'' contains many writings related to both Dianetics and L. Ron Hubbard. "Operation Freakout", also known as "Operation PC Freakout", was the name given by the Church of Scientology to a covert plan intended to have the author Paulette Cooper imprisoned or committed to a mental institution.〔United States of America v. Jane Kember, Morris Budlong, Sentencing Memorandum; pp. 23-25〕 The plan, undertaken in 1976 following years of Church-initiated lawsuits and covert harassment, was meant to eliminate the perceived threat that Cooper posed to the Church and obtain revenge for her publication in 1971 of a highly critical book, ''The Scandal of Scientology''.〔〔〔 The events of Operation Freakout are featured, in a thinly fictionalized form, in Giuseppe Genna's 2004 novel ''In the Name of Ishmael''.〔 Scientology is referred to as "Science Religion", Cooper is called "Paulette Rowling" and Mary Sue Hubbard is "Johanna Lewis".〔 The book includes an almost word-for-word transcription of the Operation Freakout planning document of April 1, 1976, with the names of the principal figures substituted as described above. In the science-fiction setting of ''Count Zero'', a cyberpunk novel by author William Gibson, one of the character's relatives is mentioned to be a Scientologist. L. Ron Hubbard (referred to simply as "Hubbard") is also mentioned as an option of a possible hologram that could appear over someone's bed, another choice included the Virgin Mary. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Scientology in popular culture」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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